Freenet is not a "pure" P2P system (like Gnutella16),
but is instead a distributed, caching file service.17 The Freenet program includes a client
that retrieves files from other Freenet user's computers ("nodes")
and a server that relays requests and files for other Freenet clients on the
network. The Freenet network
operates without the aid of any central technology.18 Each node of Freenet is autonomous and
an "equal" on the system.
Moreover, each node is aware only of nodes with which it can directly
communicate. If a node disappears
from the network, Freenet routes around this and the network continues
unscathed...
4. Now (Install TAP Drivers) when you show a message Press any key to continue. Press "Inter"
5. Now Open (PD-Launcher) and go "Setting" then "advance seetting"go port and set port 80 or 110 and save It
6. Now give your user id and password and press conect and use free internet any pc
2ND TRIK>>>>
if you use your mobile as a modem ...then follow all the picture apn:gpmms and connect with this apn
click on connect to the internet on top & right corner
then click configure
then click configure the connection manually
then make this settings
apn;gpmms
done
if you use modem then make this config...
name :free by maijiedbd
apn:gpmms
number:*99#
after connect click here to download the soft for using free net...
serial key: 2TCKX-TYQHL-NFN33-3YEDY-QW65D
তারপর নিচের মতো করে কনফিগার করুন
then use free net with any browser and download with idm and set this vpn ।
from recover the reconnect problem download this soft.... Reconnect.exe
SO FINISHED HAVE A FUN WITH FREE NET.........।।
POWERED BY NAME:MAIJIED HASAN SHUVO EMAIL:MAIJIEDHASANSHUVO@YAHOO.COM BLOG:HELP2TRICKS.BLOGSPOT.COM FACEBOOK:SEARCH ME [MAIJIED HASAN SHUVO] ;CLICK HERE SOME-WHERE-IN-BLOG:http://www.somewhereinblog.net/blog/maijied MOBILE:+8801964415378
IF YOU NEED ANY HELP PLEASE CONTACT WITH ME IN FACEBOOK...................... [ANY KIND OF PROBLEM]
Knowledge is great, Sharing is good
Facebook is almost popular site for social meeting in this whole world..........
Social media—from Facebook to Twitter—have made us more densely networked
than ever. Yet for all this connectivity, new research suggests that we
have never been lonelier (or more narcissistic)—and that this
loneliness is making us mentally and physically ill. A report on what
the epidemic of loneliness is doing to our souls and our society. Everyone come here to meet with new people for having fun or many thing........
1. Firstly Change your Firefox Browser Proxy Manually by Following these Steps :- Go To Tools > (If Tools menu isno t present Simply go to options from Menu ! ) Then Option>Then Advanced>Then Network>Then Setting>then Click on manual Proxy Configuration > And Then put Any Of the Following proxies
HTTP Proxy :- 202.152.156.210 Or 27.111.38.253 Or 202.148.14.92
And Use Port As :-8080
Or
Go toThis Linkand Use Any Indonesian Proxy And Port
> Then Select "Use this Proxy Servers For All Protocols".
Important Note:-If Your Facebook Account Is Not Openning AFter Changing The Proxies and Firstly Open your Facebook account settings then change proxy because sometime after changing proxy their will be error in log in account
2. Then Click OK Button To Save Your Settings.
3. Now Open your Facebook Account and Go Account Settings.
4. Change Language Setting :- Bahasa Indonesia like this:
5. Then Simply Remove Your Last Name in Change Name Box And then Save it.
6. Now Your Facebook Account is only with First Name Without Last Name. After Completing all steps remove Manual Proxy and select use system proxy settings.
They making their software using serial key...........
Which is protect their software from free..
But we try to using soft in free..........so now i am going to give you some tips ..
For that you can use any software freely....]
So lets start.......
Follow all that tips which i give you ........
The key 94FBR is a part of Office
2000 Pro CD activation key that is widely distributed as it bypasses
the activation requirements of Office 2000 Pro. By searching for 94fbr
and the product name, you are
guarantee that the pages that are returned are pages dealing
specifically with the product you're wanting a serial for. Follow simple steps given below to learn this trick
- See more at: http://www.coolhackingtrick.com/2013/04/finding-serial-key-of-any-software.html#sthash.9dZKKzJQ.dpuf
The key 94FBR is a part of office 2000 pro cd activision key that is widely distribute as it is bypasses the activision requirments of office 2000 pro..
so step by step follow it
1:go to google .com
2:then search soft name and 94fbr
3:to find serial key vlc player 94fbr
4: now press enter you find your soft key below the picture........
94FBR
Most of you download and use pirated software from torrents or any such other sites, but sometime it gets very difficult to find serial key of those softwares. I will make it easy for you by showing you simple yet very intersting google trick which will allow you to find serial key of any software very easily.
- See more at: http://www.coolhackingtrick.com/2013/04/finding-serial-key-of-any-software.html#sthash.9dZKKzJQ.dpuf
Most of you download and use pirated software from torrents or any such other sites, but sometime it gets very difficult to find serial key of those softwares. I will make it easy for you by showing you simple yet very intersting google trick which will allow you to find serial key of any software very easily.
- See more at: http://www.coolhackingtrick.com/2013/04/finding-serial-key-of-any-software.html#sthash.9dZKKzJQ.dpuf
Most of you download and use pirated software from torrents or any such other sites, but sometime it gets very difficult to find serial key of those softwares. I will make it easy for you by showing you simple yet very intersting google trick which will allow you to find serial key of any software very easily.
- See more at: http://www.coolhackingtrick.com/2013/04/finding-serial-key-of-any-software.html#sthash.9dZKKzJQ.dpuf
thanks all of you.......
Most of you download and use pirated software from torrents or any such other sites, but sometime it gets very difficult to find serial key of those softwares. I will make it easy for you by showing you simple yet very intersting google trick which will allow you to find serial key of any software very easily.
- See more at: http://www.coolhackingtrick.com/2013/04/finding-serial-key-of-any-software.html#sthash.9dZKKzJQ.dpuf
Most of you download and use pirated software from torrents or any such other sites, but sometime it gets very difficult to find serial key of those softwares. I will make it easy for you by showing you simple yet very intersting google trick which will allow you to find serial key of any software very easily.
How To Find Serial Key Of Any Software ?
The key 94FBR is a part of Office
2000 Pro CD activation key that is widely distributed as it bypasses
the activation requirements of Office 2000 Pro. By searching for 94fbr
and the product name, you are
guarantee that the pages that are returned are pages dealing
specifically with the product you're wanting a serial for. Follow simple steps given below to learn this trick
Replace Software Name with the name of software whose serial key you want to find
Eg: To find serial key of Nero i will type Nero 94fbr
3. Now press Enter and you will find serial key of software you are looking for as shown below.
- See more at: http://www.coolhackingtrick.com/2013/04/finding-serial-key-of-any-software.html#sthash.9dZKKzJQ.dpuf
Most of you download and use pirated software from torrents or any such other sites, but sometime it gets very difficult to find serial key of those softwares. I will make it easy for you by showing you simple yet very intersting google trick which will allow you to find serial key of any software very easily.
- See more at: http://www.coolhackingtrick.com/2013/04/finding-serial-key-of-any-software.html#sthash.9dZKKzJQ.dpuf
Most of you download and use pirated software from torrents or any such other sites, but sometime it gets very difficult to find serial key of those softwares. I will make it easy for you by showing you simple yet very intersting google trick which will allow you to find serial key of any software very easily.
How To Find Serial Key Of Any Software ?
The key 94FBR is a part of Office
2000 Pro CD activation key that is widely distributed as it bypasses
the activation requirements of Office 2000 Pro. By searching for 94fbr
and the product name, you are
guarantee that the pages that are returned are pages dealing
specifically with the product you're wanting a serial for. Follow simple steps given below to learn this trick
Replace Software Name with the name of software whose serial key you want to find
Eg: To find serial key of Nero i will type Nero 94fbr
3. Now press Enter and you will find serial key of software you are looking for as shown below.
- See more at: http://www.coolhackingtrick.com/2013/04/finding-serial-key-of-any-software.html#sthash.9dZKKzJQ.dpuf
Most of you download and use pirated software from torrents or any such other sites, but sometime it gets very difficult to find serial key of those softwares. I will make it easy for you by showing you simple yet very intersting google trick which will allow you to find serial key of any software very easily.
How To Find Serial Key Of Any Software ?
The key 94FBR is a part of Office
2000 Pro CD activation key that is widely distributed as it bypasses
the activation requirements of Office 2000 Pro. By searching for 94fbr
and the product name, you are
guarantee that the pages that are returned are pages dealing
specifically with the product you're wanting a serial for. Follow simple steps given below to learn this trick
Replace Software Name with the name of software whose serial key you want to find
Eg: To find serial key of Nero i will type Nero 94fbr
3. Now press Enter and you will find serial key of software you are looking for as shown below.
- See more at: http://www.coolhackingtrick.com/2013/04/finding-serial-key-of-any-software.html#sthash.9dZKKzJQ.dpuf
Most of you download and use pirated software from torrents or any such other sites, but sometime it gets very difficult to find serial key of those softwares. I will make it easy for you by showing you simple yet very intersting google trick which will allow you to find serial key of any software very easily.
How To Find Serial Key Of Any Software ?
The key 94FBR is a part of Office
2000 Pro CD activation key that is widely distributed as it bypasses
the activation requirements of Office 2000 Pro. By searching for 94fbr
and the product name, you are
guarantee that the pages that are returned are pages dealing
specifically with the product you're wanting a serial for. Follow simple steps given below to learn this trick
Knowledge is great, Sharing is good.
There are many windows in technology world..
There are windows 7 , windows 8 , windows xp , windows vista , linux , obuntu etc.....
They all are using there own style....
so windows 8 also apply his new style as a picture password system...
Which is so strong system for password technology ....
So today i am going to show you how to give picture password on windows 8.
SO START FROM NOW.........>
1: open windows bar and click on setting and then click pc setting.....
2:now go to user and click create a picture password.....like this pic
3: Now click on chose option. 4: Here you will see some picture .
5: chose any picture which are you want to use
6: now you have need to setgesture.You can do this by three ways.
> One of them is click.
At the time of log in You have must need to remember which place you was click .
>> Another one isstraight lines. If you set your password bythis method you have need to remember your line wide range which you will be use.
>>> and another system iscircles .you have need to remember CIRCLE SIZE which one you will select.
That’s all. I hope you are done. if you have any question or if you fall any problem just inform me by comment.
POWERED BY
NAME:MAIJIED HASAN SHUVO
EMAIL:MAIJIEDHASANSHUVO@YAHOO.COM
BLOG:HELP2TRICKS.BLOGSPOT.COM
FACEBOOK:SEARCH ME [MAIJIED HASAN SHUVO] ;CLICK HERE
SOME-WHERE-IN-BLOG:http://www.somewhereinblog.net/blog/maijied
MOBILE:+8801964415378
IF YOU NEED ANY HELP PLEASE CONTACT WITH ME
IN FACEBOOK......................
[ANY KIND OF PROBLEM]
Knowledge is great, Sharing is good.
IF you want to good blogger you need to follow something...
There is some rule to make a blog famous like my click here for visit blog
One of the is making privacy policy for blog...
Now i give you tips how to create privacy policy for blog.
Step by step follow whole of those rule..
1:First visit this link ...
2:Now give your site url and your email on blank box
3:Using cookies is best for blog
4:Now select all the add site ...
5:And click create my privacy policy
6:Then your privacy policy will be show. copy those privacy policy.
NOW YOU NEED TO DO IT CAREFULLY.........
Before start adding privacy policy to your blog you have need know your blog first post date.
7:You need to write down your first blog post date....
Now our work is start….
Log in to your blog .make a new post.
Paste your blog privacy policy in to your post box.( which are created some time ago). Give your post title as Privacy Policy.
Give your post label Privacy Policy.
Now change your post date.
Now publish it......
Now visit your post which
one you was publish some time ago. Title was Privacy Policy. And
copy your post link.
7.go to your blog layout. And click add a gadget then click add HTML/JAVA CRIPT. And paste those code
<ul><li><a href="your privacy policy post link here "/search/label/[label]"> privacy policy </a></li></ul>
8. now save it. Your privacy policy is added to your blog.
POWERED BY
NAME:MAIJIED HASAN SHUVO
EMAIL:MAIJIEDHASANSHUVO@YAHOO.COM
BLOG:HELP2TRICKS.BLOGSPOT.COM
FACEBOOK:SEARCH ME [MAIJIED HASAN SHUVO] ;CLICK HERE
SOME-WHERE-IN-BLOG:http://www.somewhereinblog.net/blog/maijied
MOBILE:+8801964415378
IF YOU NEED ANY HELP PLEASE CONTACT WITH ME
IN FACEBOOK......................
[ANY KIND OF PROBLEM]
Create Circles (Friends, Family..etc..etc..)
Like Google Plus on Facebook. Yes! This is Possible Friends, I am not
Joking. Today I came through a very Intresting website where you can Make Circles of your friends on Facebook Like Google Plus. As you know Google Plus introduced the Concept of Circles
to Organise the Friend List. But it is yet to be introduced by Facebook
Officially So what if we want the Circles like Google Plus in Facebook.
Don't worry there is a Trick to make Facebook Account Like Google Plus
through which we can make Circles in Facebook and can organise the
Friend List like Google Plus easily. So why Late?
Now Open a new Browser Window or Tab and
visit this Link
Now Click on the Login Button and then it will ask to Grant Permissions.
Then after Granting Permissions, click on Allow button to see all your Friends in the Upper Half and Circles in the Bottom Half of the Screen.
Now it is Done. and Now you can Create New Groups by Clicking on the Create List in the First Circle and after Creating a Group Drag and Drop Friends from the Upper Half of the Screen to Circles just similarly to Google Plus.
So it is Very Simple Trick to make Facebook Account Like Google Plus.If you have any doubts in this Trick then Please feel free to ask in the comment section below POWERED BY NAME:MAIJIED HASAN SHUVO EMAIL:MAIJIEDHASANSHUVO@YAHOO.COM BLOG:HELP2TRICKS.BLOGSPOT.COM FACEBOOK:SEARCH ME [MAIJIED HASAN SHUVO] ;CLICK HERE SOME-WHERE-IN-BLOG:www.somewhereinblog.net/blog/maijied : click here MOBILE:+8801964415378
IF YOU NEED ANY HELP PLEASE CONTACT WITH ME IN FACEBOOK...................... [ANY KIND OF PROBLEM]
TestDisk is a free open source software which helps recovering data from a corrupt usb flash drive. Recently my flash drive got corrupted, and was asking to be formatted under windows
once plugged in. I tried opening the pen drive under several operating
systems including windows xp, vista, windows 7, fedora, ubuntu etc. But
in most of them, “Insert a Disk into drive x” and “Drive is not
formatted” error was popping up.As the data in my removable drive was not that critical, I started experimenting with different free data recovery softwares. Out of them, TestDisk, turned out to be the best in recovering my lost FAT32 partition.
TestDisk Features:
Fix partition table and recover lost/deleted partition
Rebuild/Recover FAT32 boot sector
Fix FAT Tables
Rebuild/Recover NTFS boot sector
Undelete files from fat, ntfs and ext2 filesystem
Copy files from deleted partitions
Supported Operating systems: DOS, Windows 2000, XP, Vista, Windows 7, Linux, MacOS X etc
How to Recover Files using TestDisk:
Common
symptoms or errors seen when a drive gets corrupted is, Windows
Explorer shows primary partition as raw or unformatted and Windows
prompts this error message.“The drive is not formatted, do you want to format it now?”To recover a partition or repair a file system, you must run TestDisk with full administrator privileges. In Windows Vista, right click Testdisk.exe and select “run as administrator” option.
To recover partition from a media image or repair a filesystem image, run
testdisk image.dd to create a raw disk image
testdisk image.E01 to recover files from an Encase EWF image
testdisk 'image.*' if the Encase image is split into several files.
If the partition was reformatted into other file system use these steps given below:
run TestDisk,
select the hard disk and the partition type
choose Advanced
select the partition
choose Type,
enter the value corresponding to the previous filesystem
choose Boot
choose RebuildBS
List
If you can see your files, choose Write and confirm
In Analyse, choose to rewrite the partition with the correct partition type.
POWERED BY NAME:MAIJIED HASAN SHUVO EMAIL:MAIJIEDHASANSHUVO@YAHOO.COM BLOG:HELP2TRICKS.BLOGSPOT.COM FACEBOOK:SEARCH ME [MAIJIED HASAN SHUVO] ; MOBILE:+8801964415378
IF YOU NEED ANY HELP PLEASE CONTACT WITH ME IN FACEBOOK...................... [ANY KIND OF PROBLEM]
Now we are going to share a simple, but very useful trick to get visible the invisible friends on your chat in Facebook.Follow the steps given below to get shown the invisible friends.
Now you will get shown all the friends who are online and set their status as invisible.
You can view the differences between the online friends in Facebook Chat Box and Online Now Chat Box from below in my account.There
are only 159 friends online in normal chat box but 167 online in Online
Now Chat box so there are 8 invisible friends in chat.
I
am sure this trick is very useful and many of the Facebook users are
searching for this trick. Now you can chat with your friends who are set
their status as invisible.. Enjoy..!!cantact with me.........just click here......
POWERED BY NAME:MAIJIED HASAN SHUVO EMAIL:MAIJIEDHASANSHUVO@YAHOO.COM BLOG:HELP2TRICKS.BLOGSPOT.COM FACEBOOK:SEARCH ME [MAIJIED HASAN SHUVO] ;CLICK HERE MOBILE:+8801964415378
IF YOU NEED ANY HELP PLEASE CONTACT WITH ME IN FACEBOOK...................... [ANY KIND OF PROBLEM]
I try to take all of code from many palce al last i found .......
so i am going to show you all of you this android secret code which
all are help full for you.
try to use all of this code for know about android......
so step by step take all of code....................
*#06# – IMEI NUMBER DISPLAY
*2767*3855# – FACTORY RESET CODE [ ALL FILE WILL BE DELETED ]
*#*#197328640#*#* –SERVICE TEST MODE CODE
*#*#1111#*#* – FTA SOFTWERE VERSON
*#*#1234#*#* – PDA AND firmware VERSON।
*#*#232339#*#* – Wireless LAN TEST CODE
*#*#0842#*#* – BACK LIGHT AND VIBRETE TEST CODE
*#12580*369# – SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE TEST।
*#*#2664#*#* –TOUCH SCENE CODE
*#9900# –SYSTEM DUMP CODE
*#9090# – DAYAGONIST CONFIG
*#*#34971539#*#* –CAMERA INFO।
*#872564# – USB LOGIN CONTROL
*#301279# – HSDPA/HSUPA CONTROL MENU
*#7465625# –PHONE LOCK STATUS
*#*#7780#*#* – FACTORY RESTORE SYSTEM। EVERY ACCOUNT DELETED
*2767*3855# – FACTORY FORMAT SETTING। ALL INTERNAL EXTERNAL DATA WILL BE DELETED AND FARMWERE RE-INSTALLED
*#*#4636#*#* – PHONE AND BATTERY INFO *#*#273283*255*663282*#*#* – FILE COPY SECERN। ALL IMAGE SOUND MEMO IF U WANT BACK UP SYSTEM IS AVABILE.. *#*#197328640#*#* –SERVICE MODE CODE।CHANGE MANY SETTING
*#*#7594#*#* – THIS CODE MAKE YOUR END CALL AND POWER BUTTON EXTRACT TO OFF BUTTON.
*#*#8255#*#* – G Talk SERVICE MONITOR CODE
*#*#34971539#*#* –CAMERA FARMWERE INFO ব
W-LAN, GPS and Bluetooth Test Codes:
*#*#232339#*#* OR *#*#526#*#* OR *#*#528#*#* – W-LAN TEST CODE। FOR TEST CLICK MENU BUTTON.
*#*#232338#*#* – WIFI MACK ADDRESS
*#*#1472365#*#* – GPS TEST
*#*#1575#*#* –ANOTHER GPS TEST CODE
*#*#232331#*#* – Bluetooth TEST CODE
*#*#232337#*# – Bluetooth DEVICE INFO
*#*#0588#*#* – PROXIMITY CENTER TEST
*#*#0*#*#* – LCD TEST
*#*#2664#*#* –TOUCH SECERN TEST
*#*#2663#*#* –TOUCH SECERN VERDON
*#*#0283#*#* – POCKET LOOP BACK
*#*#0673#*#* OR *#*#0289#*#* – MELODY TEST
*#*#3264#*#* – RAM VERSON TEST Knowledge is great, Sharing is good.
POWERED BY NAME:MAIJIED HASAN SHUVO EMAIL:MAIJIEDHASANSHUVO@YAHOO.COM BLOG:HELP2TRICKS.BLOGSPOT.COM FACEBOOK:SEARCH ME [MAIJIED HASAN SHUVO] ;ONLY ONE PEACE......... MOBILE:+8801964415378
IF YOU NEED ANY HELP PLEASE CONTACT WITH ME IN FACEBOOK...................... [ANY KIND OF PROBLEM]
for that you need-
1)gp wap settings
2)opera mini mod (latest) handler. Download link
without opera mini 4.2 you can found here many handelar which you can use free net.
3)balanace 0.1 taka is good for using free.
Procdure-
1) when you open open opera mini handelar you see a menu. here write PRIMARY SERVER- -
http://202.56.4.225@server4.operamini.com:80/
SECONDary SERVER -E TYPE KORUN- socket://202.56.4.225@server4.operamini.com:1080/
NOW FRONT QUERY TYPE KORUN- 202.56.4.225@
FROM
NO PROXY POP UP HOST JUST SELECT Proxy ADDRESS TYPE - http://202.56.4.225:80/
THAT ALL FOR FREE.WHEN INSTALL FINISHED YOU CAN USE FREE NET AND DOWNLOAD YOURSELF.
USING TIPS YOU CAN USE FREE NET.
THIS TIPS FOR EVERY SIM SO USE IT IN ALL SIM IN BD......!
Grameenphone, gp, Banglalink, Airtel, Robi, Teletalk, Banglalion, Olo, Wimax, Qubee, And All - FOR NEW UPDATE.......
POWERED BY NAME:MAIJIED HASAN SHUVO EMAIL:MAIJIEDHASANSHUVO@YAHOO.COM BLOG:HELP2TRICKS.BLOGSPOT.COM FACEBOOK:SEARCH ME [MAIJIED HASAN SHUVO] ;ONLY ONE PEACE......... MOBILE:+8801964415378
IF YOU NEED ANY HELP PLEASE CONTACT WITH ME IN FACEBOOK...................... [ANY KIND OF PROBLEM]
In general, hacking and information security is not just one
discipline, but a number of them, and today we will look into some of
the networking concepts.
In the last Hacker Fundamentals, we talked about the OSI model
as well as a little on TCP/IP and the protocols that make up the suite.
Now, we're going to expand on that now and take a look at the various
parts of a network that you might have heard about, but might not
understand.
We
already covered how your data travels the OSI model, layer by layer,
and talks with other machines on your local network. But how does that
data leave your network? How does it know where to go? What's going on
here?
Much of the 'talking' on a local network are broadcasts.
This computer is asking for the MAC address of another one, or asking
for a local IP address, or any number of things. But doesn't that mean
the Internet should be flooded with various broadcast noise all over the
place? As it turns out, no. You see, the job of a router is not only to
route traffic, but to stop broadcasts. To explain this concept fully,
let's look into some examples.
No routers were hurt in the writing of this article.
A Tale of Two Packets: Internal
If
you remember correctly, an IP address has two components, the network
section and the host section. A subnet mask separates the IP address
into those two segments (<network><host>). A
subnet is expressed just like an IP address in a four octet form, the
most common one being 255.255.255.0 where the '255' means those octets
are describing the network and the '0' is describing the host.
Let's
say you wanted to send data to another computer on your local network
at home. Your internal IP address in this example is 172.10.1.20 and your destination IP address is 172.10.1.30. Also, let's assume your subnet mask is a standard 255.255.255.0.
The
first thing that gets done is the computer looks at the address on the
packet being sent. It then compares its address with the destination
address. Notice the 172.10.1.x is the same on both, and the subnet mask has filled octets in the same locations as well ( 255.255.255.0).
This tells the computer that the destination is on the same network it
is on. Your computer knows it is host '20' and it needs to reach host
'30' and it doesn't need to go through a router to get there.
Now
your computer only needs to know the MAC address of host '30' to send
this data on its way. If you recall the Media Access Control address is a
physical layer function that addresses actual physical hardware on your
computer. In a nutshell, it works like an IP address, only on your
local network.
ARP!
To perform this feat, your computer sends out a broadcast message to everyone on the network called an ARP, or Address Resolution Protocol. It's like your PC yelling "HELLO! I am looking for the computer172.10.1.30".
Now each device on the network receives that message and looks at its own IP address in turn. The router (172.10.1.1)
sees it is not the one being looked for and drops the message. Other
computers on the network do the same thing until the computer that has
the IP of 172.10.1.30 gets it, checks its address, and sees they match. It then replies back to the sending computer of 172.10.1.20 saying "HEY! That's me and my MAC address isAA00:BC33:3211".
In
the picture below, the MAC address is called an "Ethernet address",
reflecting the fact that it's addressing for the physical layer.
However, common lingo is "MAC address".
Now
the sending computer has the internal IP and MAC address of the
receiving computer and can send its data over. But what happens if the
two addresses are not on the same network?
A Tale of Two Packets: External
Well,
it's not as simple when we have to cross other networks, as there is a
bit more going on behind the scenes, as you will see. Let's assume we
are sending the same data as before and our source IP address is 172.10.1.20 and our destination IP address is 192.168.0.100. You should immediately notice by the subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 that these two addresses are on separate networks. See, we are getting there.
Just
like in the first example, the sending computer looks at the
destination address and compares it to its own. However, this time there
is a problem—they don't match at all.
Now it knows that it can't
just send out an ARP message like before, because remember what happened
in the last example, when the routers address didn't match the address
being asked? It simply dropped the packet. This is how routers stop
broadcasts from traveling the entire Internet. In fact, without this
design, the Internet would be flooded with so many broadcast messages
from the millions of connected devices that it would crash and fail.
At this point, your computer knows an ARP just isn't going to cut it for the destination of 192.168.0.100, so it broadcasts another ARP. But this time is looks for what's called the default gateway. This is a node, or a router, that acts as an entry or exit point to another network.
Normally,
when a computer cannot find a route for an IP address, it will send it
along to the default gateway as a route of last resort. This is your
modem/router at home. Your router will reply saying, "YO! I am the default gateway and my MAC address is xxxx:xxxx:xxxx!"
Your
computer then adds the routers MAC address as the destination MAC
address to the packet, and sends it over to the router for safe travels.
Route Me Baby!
The router takes a
look at the packet and knows the source IP came from its own network.
But the destination is separate altogether. Because the destination is
not the same as the router's own internal IP address, it knows the
packet is not for it, but needs to travel through it.
The router then looks at its routing tables to find a way to get to the 192.168.0.x
network. It leaves the source and destination IP address information
inside the packet, and changes the new source MAC address to its own
address and the destination MAC address to the next node deducted from
the routing table.
This process continues over and over with each
router that picks up the packets looking at the addresses, seeing it's
not for their network and passing it along until it reaches the final
destination of 192.168.0.100.
That router will
strip of the source and destination MAC addresses that allowed the
packets to travel, and replace the source with its own. It then ARPs to
find the MAC address of the server being looked for and uses the reply
to add the final MAC address of that machine, then sends it along
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সম্মানিত ভিজিটররা ঃ আশা করি আমার ব্লগ থেকে কোন কিছুর হেল্প নেয়ার পর আমাকে হেল্প করার জন্য ব্লগের পাশের এড এ ১ টি বা ২ টি ক্লিক করে যাবেন । এতে আপনাদের কোন অপকার হবে না বরং আমার আমার একটু উপকার হবে । ধন্যবাদ সবাইকে । কোন রকম হেল্প লাগলে আমাকে ফেসবুক এ নক করবেন আশা করি । ফেসবুকঃ ক্লিক (মাইজি্দ হাসান)
